A1
L-citrulline
- Product declaration
- L-Citrulline: 6 g
- Selected studied range
- 3000 to 9000 mg
- Protocol and duration
- per day, in the studies NIH ODS summarizes
- Studied context
- Studied as a nitric-oxide pathway precursor (converted to arginine via the urea cycle) for aerobic exercise performance measures such as oxygen-uptake (VO2) kinetics, blood lactate, and rate of perceived exertion, and for acute resistance-exercise performance and muscle oxygenation. NIH ODS describes evidence for enhancing performance as limited, with few studies and conflicting results.
- Limitations
- A 2022 systematic review/meta-analysis found no significant benefit for endurance-performance outcomes specifically. A single 8 g acute dose did not enhance isometric force production, muscle endurance, or muscle-oxygenation parameters in one resistance-exercise study. NIH ODS characterizes overall performance-enhancement evidence as limited.
Selected evidence: NIH ODS, Dietary Supplements for Exercise and Athletic Performance · Open source
A2
Beta-alanine
- Product declaration
- Beta Alanine: 3.2 g
- Selected studied range
- 4000 to 6000 mg
- Protocol and duration
- per day in divided doses, for at least 2 to 4 weeks, not as a single pre-workout dose
- Studied context
- Studied for high-intensity exercise capacity in the 60-240 second range via elevation of muscle carnosine, which acts as an intracellular pH buffer against acidosis. ISSN 2015 position stand: greatest performance benefits in "open end-point" tasks/time trials lasting 1-4 minutes; some benefit noted in aerobic exercise up to roughly 25 minutes; attenuation of neuromuscular fatigue, particularly noted in older adults.
- Limitations
- Strength/resistance-training outcomes remain mixed; training volume may increase without a clear strength gain. Tasks under 60 seconds do not show benefit. Endurance benefit beyond about 25 minutes is not established. Long-term safety data beyond roughly a year, and effects in special/tactical populations, are flagged as needing more research.
Selected evidence: ISSN position stand on beta-alanine, 2015 · Open source
A1
Betaine anhydrous
- Product declaration
- Betaine Anhydrous: 2.5 g
- Selected studied range
- 2000 to 5000 mg
- Protocol and duration
- per day, studied for up to 15 days
- Studied context
- NIH ODS describes betaine as studied for strength- and power-based performance in bodybuilders and cyclists, with "potential but modest" improvements from a limited set of small, sometimes conflicting studies. A 2024/2025 systematic review focused specifically on endurance performance (VO2max, time-to-exhaustion, time-to-completion, power output).
- Limitations
- The endurance systematic review explicitly states "limited and inconclusive evidence regarding the definitive ergogenic effect of betaine supplementation on endurance exercise performance". Only 2 of 5 reviewed studies showed a significant improvement, and the authors call for "additional, more rigorous research."
Selected evidence: NIH ODS, Dietary Supplements for Exercise and Athletic Performance · Open source
A1
Theobromine
- Product declaration
- Theobromine: 50 mg
- Selected studied range
- No dose range selected
- Protocol and duration
- Not recorded in the selected comparison
- Studied context
- EFSA's Panel on Food Contact Materials, Enzymes, Flavourings and Processing Aids (CEF), in its 2017 opinion on xanthine alkaloids from the flavoring priority list, treats theobromine as a major metabolite of caffeine. Roughly 11% of an ingested caffeine dose converts systemically to theobromine. And states that because "only limited toxicity data in humans are available" for theobromine directly, its safety assessment leans on the extensive caffeine safety literature (EFSA's 2015 caffeine opinion) rather than an independent human-efficacy dataset for theobromine as a standalone ergogenic ingredient.
- Limitations
- No sports-performance-specific position stand or ISSN evaluation of theobromine as a standalone ergogenic ingredient was located in this research pass. EFSA's own framing acknowledges limited independent human toxicity data on theobromine itself.
Selected evidence: EFSA Flavouring Group Evaluation 49 Revision 1, 2017 · Open source
