A1
Yohimbine HCl
- Product declaration
- Yohimbine HCl: 3 mg
- Selected studied range
- No dose range selected
- Protocol and duration
- Not recorded in the selected comparison
- Studied context
- NCCIH (NIH's National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health) states yohimbe/yohimbine is promoted for erectile dysfunction, athletic performance, weight loss, and mood, but concludes "there is not enough evidence for definite conclusions" regarding effectiveness for any of these uses. OPSS separately states "there isn't enough evidence for the use of yohimbe- and yohimbine-containing dietary supplements for athletic performance or weight loss."
- Limitations
- Neither NCCIH nor OPSS establishes efficacy for athletic performance, weight loss, or mood enhancement. NCCIH notes yohimbine hydrochloride was formerly FDA-approved as a prescription drug for erectile dysfunction but "is rarely used for this purpose since more effective drugs with fewer side effects are available" (i.e., its prior approved use has been superseded, not that it lacked historical approval).
Selected evidence: NCCIH, Yohimbe usefulness and safety · Open source
A1
Choline bitartrate
- Product declaration
- Choline Bitartrate: 500 mg
- Selected studied range
- 425 to 550 mg
- Protocol and duration
- Adequate Intake for adults, a nutrient reference and not an ergogenic dose
- Studied context
- NIH ODS's Choline Health Professional fact sheet establishes choline's core physiological roles: synthesis of phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin for cell-membrane structure, acetylcholine (a neurotransmitter for memory, mood, and muscle control) production, methyl-group donation, gene-expression modulation, and brain development. Choline bitartrate is named as one of three supplement forms (with phosphatidylcholine and lecithin).
- Limitations
- NIH ODS states explicitly: "No studies have compared the relative bioavailability of choline from these different forms". Meaning choline bitartrate's absorption/efficacy relative to phosphatidylcholine, lecithin, or non-bitartrate forms (like alpha-GPC) is not established by NIH's own review.
Selected evidence: NIH ODS, Choline fact sheet · Open source
A2
Beta-alanine
- Product declaration
- Beta Alanine (Vasodilator): 1500 mg
- Selected studied range
- 4000 to 6000 mg
- Protocol and duration
- per day in divided doses, for at least 2 to 4 weeks, not as a single pre-workout dose
- Studied context
- Studied for high-intensity exercise capacity in the 60-240 second range via elevation of muscle carnosine, which acts as an intracellular pH buffer against acidosis. ISSN 2015 position stand: greatest performance benefits in "open end-point" tasks/time trials lasting 1-4 minutes; some benefit noted in aerobic exercise up to roughly 25 minutes; attenuation of neuromuscular fatigue, particularly noted in older adults.
- Limitations
- Strength/resistance-training outcomes remain mixed; training volume may increase without a clear strength gain. Tasks under 60 seconds do not show benefit. Endurance benefit beyond about 25 minutes is not established. Long-term safety data beyond roughly a year, and effects in special/tactical populations, are flagged as needing more research.
Selected evidence: ISSN position stand on beta-alanine, 2015 · Open source
